Technical publications

Kromek technical publications

Kromek technical publications are accessible by direct download in pdf format via the links below. A number of the ASIC publications can only be accessed after completing an enquiry form. You will be automatically redirected to the ‘Contact Us’ form from the publication’s link. The paper will be sent to you.

Kromek technical publications: CZT, gamma camera applications

• Design Considerations for Solid-State Gamma-Camera, SOLSTICE, 2001
• Performance Evaluation of a New CZTDetector for Nuclear Medicine: SOLSTICE, 2001
• Development of a CdZnTe-based Small Field of View Gamma Camera, 2001.

Kromek technical publications: ASICS

1. Readout ICs for High Spatial Resolution Slot-Scan Imaging with CZT or CdTe Pixel Arrays,” 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, p. 412. – V. B. Cajipe, M.A. Capote, G. Cardoso, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, M. Lee, T. O. Tumer, A. Volkovskii
2. “Performance of the RENA-3 IC with Position-Sensitive CZT and CdTe Detectors,” 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, p. 300. – V. B. Cajipe, R.T. Skelton, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, J.L. Matteson, R.E. Rothschild, T. O. Tumer, A. Volkovskii
3. “Two-Dimensional Detector Arrays for Gamma Spectroscopy,” 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, p. 490. – M. Clajus, V. B. Cajipe, T. O. Tumer, A. Volkovskii
4. “Improved Readout IC for Multi-Energy X-Ray Imaging with Linear CZT Pixel Arrays,” 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, p. 375. – M. Clajus, V. B. Cajipe, S. Hayakawa, T. O. Tumer
5. “Performance of RENA-3 IC with position-sensitive solid-state detectors,” Proc. SPIE 7079, 70791F (2008). – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and A. Volkovskii
6. “New two-dimensional ASICs for solid state pixel detectors,” Proc. SPIE 7079, 707913 (2008). – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and A. Volkovskii
7. “Performance of an Improved Readout IC for Multi-Energy Photon-Counting X-Ray Detector Arrays,” Proc. SPIE 7079, 707911 (2008). – Tümay O. Tümer, Victoria B. Cajipe, Martin Clajus, and Satoshi Hayakawa
8. “New Two-Dimensional Solid State Pixel Detectors with Dedicated Front-End Integrated Circuits for X-ray and Gamma-Ray Imaging” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 56, 2321 (2009). – Tümay O. Tümer, Victoria B. Cajipe, Martin Clajus, Satoshi Hayakawa and A. Volkovskii
9. “The dependence of the modulation transfer function on the blocking layer thickness in amorphous selenium x-ray detectors,” Medical Physics, vol. 34, issue 8, p. 3358, 2007. – Hunter, David M.; Belev, Gueorgi; Decrescenzo, Giovanni; Kasap, Safa O.; Mainprize, James G.; Rowlands, J. A.; Smith, Charles; Tümer, Tümay; Verpakhovski, Vladimir; Yin, Shi; Yaffe, Martin J
10. “Multi-Energy, Fast Counting Hybrid CZT Pixel Detector with Dedicated Readout Integrated Circuit,” 2006 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. p. 3602. – M. Clajus, V. B. Cajipe, S. Hayakawa, T. O. Tumer, P. D. Willson
11. “Multi-Channel Charge Amplifier-Discriminator-Counter IC for the Space Sciences,” 2006 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. p. 1605. – V. B. Cajipe, J. H. Clemmons, M. Clajus, W. R. Crain, S. Hayakawa, T. O. Tumer
12. “Two-dimensional integrated circuits for hybrid solid-state pixel detectors,” 2006 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., p. 389. -T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, and S. Hayakawa
13. “Multi-Channel Front-End Readout IC for Position Sensitive Solid-State Detectors,” 2006 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., p. 384. – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and A. Volkovskii
14. “High-resolution imaging 1D and 2D solid state detector systems,” Proc. SPIE 6319, 63190P (2006). – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and A. Volkovskii
15. “CZT detectors read out with the RENA-2 ASIC,” 2005 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., p. 211. – J.L. Matteson, R.T. Skelton, M.R. Pelling, S. Suchy, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and T.O. Tumer
16. “New readout integrated circuits for position-sensitive solid state detectors,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., p. 1436. – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, R. Calderwood, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa, and S. Yin
17. “Multi-Energy X-ray Imaging with Linear CZT Pixel Arrays and Integrated Electronics,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. p. 4548. – Victoria B. Cajipe, Martin Clajus, Oded Yossifor, Ramaprabhu Jayaraman, Brian Grattan, Satoshi Hayakawa, Robert F. Calderwood and Tumay O. Tumer
18. “Integrated readout electronics: enabling advanced applications of position-sensitive solid-state radiation detectors,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. p. 4342. – V.B. Cajipe, R.F. Calderwood, M. Clajus, S. Hayakawa , T.O. Tümer, S. Yin
19. “Test Results of a CdZnTe Pixel Detector Read Out by RENA-2 IC,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., Vol. 7, p. 4369. – T.O. Tumer, V.B. Cajipe, M. Clajus, F. Duttweiler, S. Hayakawa, J.L. Matteson, A. Shirley, and O. Yossifor
20. “Compact Detector Modules for High Resolution PET Imaging with LYSO and Avalanche Photodiode Arrays,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. p. 2890. – Martin Clajus, Victoria B. Cajipe, Robert F. Calderwood, Simon R. Cherry, Satoshi Hayakawa, Tümay O. Tümer, and Oded Yossifor
21. “High-resolution (20 cycles/mm) digital x-ray mammography using amorphous selenium directly coupled to CCD readout devices,” SPIE, 5368, p. 466 (2004). – Hunter, David M.; Belev, Gueorgui; DeCresenzo, Giovanni; Kasap, Safa O.; Mainprize, James G.; Mawdsley, Gordon; Rowlands, John A.; Smith, Charles; Tumer, Tumay O.; Verpakhovski, Vladimir; et al
22. “Imaging Using Energy Discriminating Radiation Detector Array,” AIP Conf. Proceedings, Volume 680, p. 913 2003. – Willson, Paul D.; Clajus, Martin; Tümer, Tümay O.; Visser, Gerard; Cajipe, Victoria
23. “High-resolution pixel detectors for second generation digital mammography,” Nuc. Inst. & Met. Phys. Res. A. 497 (2003) 21-29. – T.O. Tümer, S. Yin, V. Cajipe, H. Flores, J. Mainprize, G. Mawdsley, J.A. Rowlands, M.J. Yaffe, E.E. Gordon, W.J. Hamilton, D. Rhiger, S.O. Kasap, P. Sellin and K.S. Shah
24. “Direct conversion CdZnTe and CdTe detectors for digital mammography,” IEEE Tran. Nuc. Sci. 49, p. 176 (2002). – S. Yin, T.O. Tumer, et al
25. “Direct conversion Si and CdZnTe detectors for digital mammography,” Nucl. Inst. & Met. Phys. Res. A. 448(2000) 591-597. – S. Yin, T.O. Tumer, D. Maeding, J. Mainprize, G. Mawdsley, M.J. Yaffe, E.E. Gordon and W.J. Hamilton
26. “Actively Shielded CZT Focal Plane Detectors for the Fine Angular Resolution X-ray Imaging Telescope (FAR_XITE),” Submitted to SPIE (1999). – Richard E. Rothschild, Duane E. Gruber; William A. Heindl; James L. Matteson; Melville P. Ulmer; Robert I. Altkorn; Steven M. Matz; Paul L. Hink; Allen S. Krieger; Ruediger Staubert; Tumay O. Tumer
27. “Hybrid direct conversion detectors for digital mammography,” IEEE Tran. Nuc. Sci. Vol. 46, No. 6, 2093-97 (1999) – S. Yin, T. Tumer, D. Maeding, J. Mainprize, G. Mawdsley, M. Yaffe & W.J. Hamilton
28. “Design Considerations for a CdZnTe digital Mammography System,” Presented at 1998 International Workshop for Digital Mammography, Nijmegen, Netherlands (June 1998). – J.G. Mainprize, M.J. Yaffe, T.O. Tumer, S. Yin and W.J. Hamilton
29. “Image Quality of a Prototype Direct Conversion Detector for Digital Mammography,” SPIE Medical Imaging Conference Proceeding p. 118 (1999). – Mainprize, J., N.L. Ford, S. Yin, T. Tumer, M.J. Yaffe
30. “Test Results of the Readout Electronics for Nuclear Applications (RENA) Chip,” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. 2001, p. 249. – Gerard I. Visser, Scott D. Kravis, Tumay O. Tumer, Dale G. Maeding and Shi Yin
31. “A Low-Dose High Contrast Digital Mammography System (DigiMAM),” 2004 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec. 2001, p. 1656. – Shi Yin, Tumay O. Tumer, Dale Maeding, James Mainprize, Gord Mawdsley, Martin Yaffe and William J. Hamilton
32. “Test Results of the Readout Electronics for Nuclear Applications (RENA) Chip Developed for Position-Sensitive Solid State Detectors,” Proc. SPIE 3445, p. 374 (1998). – Scott D. Kravis, Tumay O. Tumer, Gerard J. Visser, Dale G. Maeding and Shi Yin
33. “Readout Electronics for Nuclear Applications (RENA) IC,” Proc. SPIE 3445, p. 364 (1998). – Dale G. Maeding Tumay O. Tumer, Scott D. Kravis, Gerard J. Visser, and Shi Yin
34. “Position-sensitive CZT detector module,” Proc. SPIE 3446 p. 192 (1998). James L. Matteson, Fred Duttweiller, George L. Huszar, Philippe C. Leblanc, Robert T. Skelton, Edwin A. Stephan, Paul L. Hink, Paul F. Dowkontt, Kimberly R. Slavis, Tumay O. Tumer and Scott D. Kravis
35. “A Front End Readout Electronics ASIC Chip for Position-Sensitive Solid State Detectors,” Presented and Submitted to Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. (Boston Dec. 1997). – Scott D. Kravis, Tümay O. Tümer, Gerard J. Visser, Dale G. Maeding and Shi Yin
36. “A High Sensitivity, Electronically Collimated Gamma Camera,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 44, 899 (1997). – Tümay O. Tümer, Shi Yin and Scott Kravis
37. “Preliminary Results Obtained from Novel CdZnTe Pad Detectors,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 43, 1417 (1996). – Tumay O. Tumer, David C. Joyce, Shi Yin, P.D. Willson, K.B. Parnham, and B. Glick
38. “Solid State X-Ray Detectors for Digital Mammography,” Proc., SPIE 2432, 392 1995. – J.M. Henry, M.J. Yaffe, B. Pi, J. Venzon, F. Augustine, and T.O. Tumer

Kromek technical publications: CZT Applications

• Design of High Performance CdZnTe Quasi-Hemispherical Gamma-ray CAPture™ Plus Detectors, 2008
• Fabrication of High Performance CdZnTe Quasi-Hemispherical Gamma-ray CAPture™ Plus Detectors, 2008
• CdZnTe Gamma Ray Spectrometer for Orbital Planetary Missions, 2001
• Characterization of a large-volume, multi-element CdZnTe detector, 2000
• Advantages and Use of CdZnTe Detectors in Safeguards Measurements, 2000
• Further Studies on the Modified Two-Terminal Geometry for CdZnTe Detectors, 1999
• Performance Improvement of CdZnTe Detectors Using Modified Two-Terminal Electrode Geometry, 1999
• Design and Characterization of Cylindrical CdZnTe Detectors with Coplanar Grids,1999
• Performance of multi-element CdZnTe detectors, 1999
• Room-Temperature Gamma-Ray Detector for Improved Assay of Plutonium, 1997
• CZT Semiconductor detectors for spectroscopic x-ray imaging, 2008
• Dynamic Lateral Polarization in CZT under High Flux x-ray irradiation, 2007
• Ultra high flux 2-D CZT Monolithic detector arrays for x-ray imaging applications, 2007

Kromek technical publications: CZT Material Properties

• (2016) CZT Detectors Operating at X-ray Fluxes of 100 Million Photons
• (2007) The Effect of Temperature and Composition Dependent Deep Level Energies on Electrical Compensation
• CZT for Gamma- and X-Ray Applications in Solid-State Radiation Detection – CRC Press 2015 pp17-48)
• Fast High-Flux Response of CdZnTe X-Ray Detectors by Optical Manipulation of Deep Level Defect Occupations, 2010
• Accurate measurement of electrical bulk resistivity and surface leakage of CdZnTe radiation detector crystals, 2006
• Effect of Surfaces on the Performance of CdZnTe Detectors, 2001
• An Investigation of the Electronic Properties of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Surfaces using Pulsed Laser Microwave Cavity Perturbation, 2001
• Evidence for dislocations or related defects present in CdTe and CdZnTe Crystals, 2001
• A Study of the Timing Properties of CdZnTe, 2000
• Radiation Detector Performance of CdTe Single Crystals Grown by the Conventional Vertical Bridgman Technique, 1999
• Growth and Properties of Semi-Insulating CdZnTe for radiation detector applications, 1998
• Multiple Scale Analysis of charge transport in semiconductor radiation detectors, 2009
• Nature of polarization in wide-bandgap semiconductor detectors, 2008
• A Mechanism for dynamic lateral polarization in CZT under high flux x-ray irradiation, 2008

Kromek technical publications: CZT crystal growth

• Computational modeling of heat transport in a multi-zone high-pressure vertical electro-dynamic gradient CZT furnace, 2006
• Development of the High-Pressure Electro-Dynamic GradientCrystal-Growth Technology for Semi-Insulating CdZnTe Growthfor Radiation Detector Applications, ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, VOL. 33, NO. 6, 2004.
• Advances in the Crystal Growth and Device Fabrication Technology of CZT Room Temperature Radiation Detectors, IEEE TRANSACTIONS, VOL.51, NO.3, JUNE 2004
• Advances in the High-pressure Crystal Growth Technology of Semi-insulating CdZnTe for Radiation Detector Applications, SPIE CONFERENCE, AUG. 2003.
• Advances in the Crystal Growth of Semi-insulating CdZnTe for Radiation Detector Applications, NOV. 2001.
• Electrical compensation in CdTe and Cd0.9Zn0.1Te by intrinsic defects, RAPPID COMMUNICATIONS, DEC. 2000.
• Vapor-Phase Growth of Bulk Crystals of Cadmium Telluride and Cadmium Zinc Telluride on Gallium Arsenide Seed – J. Electron. Materials 37 (2008) 1460 – J.T. Mullins, B.J. Cantwell, A. Basu, Q. Jiang, A. Choubey, A.W. Brinkman, and B.K. Tanner
• Crystal growth of large-diameter bulk CdTe on GaAs wafer seed plates – Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 310, Issues 7-9, April 2008, Pages 2058-2061- J.T. Mullins, B.J. Cantwell, A. Basu, Q. Jiang, A. Choubey, A.W. Brinkman
• Control of mass transport in the vapour growth of bulk crystals of CdTe and related compounds – Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 275, Issues 1-2, 15 February 2005, Pages e543-e547 – B.J. Cantwell, A.W. Brinkman, A. Basu
• Novel method for the growth of high quality cadmium telluride crystals for use in X-ray and gamma-ray sensors- Security Technology, 2004. 38th Annual 2004 International Carnahan Conference on; Volume, Issue, 11-14 Oct. 2004 Page(s): 351 – 354 Digital Object Identifier – 10.1109/CCST.2004.1405417- B.J. Cantwell, A. W. Brinkman, A. Basu, M. Robinson

Kromek collaborations with Durham University, UK

• Thick epitaxial CdTe films grown by close space sublimation on Ge substrates – J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 No 1 (7 January 2009) 012004 (4pp) – Q. Jiang, D. P. Halliday, B. K. Tanner, A. W. Brinkman, B. J. Cantwell, J. T. Mullins and A. Basu
• Hetero-epitaxial crystal growth of CdTe on GaAs substrates – Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 310, Issues 7-9, April 2008, Pages 1652-1656 – Q. Jiang, J.T. Mullins, J. Toman, T.P. Hase, B.J. Cantwell, G. Lloyd, A. Basu, A.W. Brinkman
• Close-spaced sublimation growth of homo-and hetero-epitaxial CdTe thick films – Journal of Crystal Growth, Volume 310, Issues 7-9, April 2008, Pages 1664-1668 – Q. Jiang, B.J. Cantwell, J.T. Mullins, A. Basu, A.W. Brinkman
• Heteroepitaxial growth and properties of crystals of CdTe on GaAs substrates – SPIE Proceedings Vol. 6706 Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics IX, Ralph B James; Arnold Burger; Larry A Franks, Editors – Date: 21 September 2007 – DOI: 10.1117/12.739476 – A Choubey, J. Toman, A W Brinkman, J. T. Mullins, B. J. Cantwell, D. P. Halliday, A. Basu

Kromek technical publications: Historical papers

• Photoluminescence study of a bulk vapour grown CdTe crystal – Journal of Crystal Growth 220 (2000) 30 – D.P. Halliday, M.D.G. Potter, J.T. Mullins, A.W. Brinkman
• A novel multi-tube vapour growth system and its application to the growth of bulk crystals of cadmium telluride – Journal of Crystal Growth 208 (2000) 211 – J.T. Mullins, J. Carles, N.M. Aitken, A.W. Brinkman
• Characterisation of cadmium telluride bulk crystals grown by a novel multi-tube vapour growth technique – Journal of Crystal Growth 198/199 (1999) 984 – N.M. Aitken, M.DG. Potter, D.J. Buckley, J.T. Mullins, J. Carles, D.P. Halliday, K. Durose, B.K. Tanner, A.W. Brinkman